
Krämer, U. & Schikowski, T. Recent Demographic Changes and Consequences for Dermatology. In Skin Aging (eds Gilchrest, B. A. & Krutmann, J.) (Springer-Verlag, 2006).
Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., Elsner, P. & Maibach, H. I. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: A review. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30, 87–95 (2008).
Mesa-Arango, A. C., Flórez-Muñoz, S. V. & Sanclemente, G. Mechanisms of skin aging. Iatreia 30, 160–170 (2017).
Yagi, M. & Yonei, Y. Glycative stress and skin aging. Glycative Stress Res. 5, 50–54 (2018).
Bocheva, G., Slominski, R. M. & Slominski, A. T. Neuroendocrine aspects of skin aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 2798 (2019).
Melzer, D., Pilling, L. C. & Ferrucci, L. The genetics of human ageing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 21, 88–101 (2020).
Slominski, A. T. et al. Sensing the environment: Regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin neuroendocrine system Andrzej. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 212, 1–6 (2012).
Nejati, R., Kovacic, D. & Slominski, A. Neuro-immune-endocrine functions of the skin: An overview. Expert Rev. Dermatol. 8, 581–583 (2013).
Slominski, A. & Wortsman, J. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr. Rev. 21, 457–487 (2000).
Bocheva, G., Slominski, R. M. & Slominski, A. T. The impact of vitamin D on skin aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 9097 (2021).
Bocheva, G. et al. Protective role of melatonin and its metabolites in skin aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 1238 (2022).
Naylor, E. C., Watson, R. E. B. & Sherratt, M. J. Molecular aspects of skin ageing. Maturitas 69, 249–256 (2011).
Strnadova, K. et al. Skin aging: The dermal perspective. Clin. Dermatol. 37, 326–335 (2019).
Ressler, S. et al. p16 INK4A is a robust in vivo biomarker of cellular aging in human skin. Aging Cell 5, 379–389 (2006).
Waaijer, M. E. C. et al. The number of p16INK4a positive cells in human skin reflects biological age. Aging Cell 11, 722–725 (2012).
Kim, H. et al. Attenuation of intrinsic ageing of the skin via elimination of senescent dermal fibroblasts with senolytic drugs. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18051 (2022).
Tigges, J. et al. The hallmarks of fibroblast ageing. Mech. Ageing Dev. 138, 26–44 (2014).
Mukherjee, P. K., Maity, N., Nema, N. K. & Sarkar, B. K. Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging. Phytomedicine 19, 64–73 (2011).
Sekar, M. Natural Products in Aging Skin. Aging (Elsevier Inc., 2020).
Zasada, M. & Budzisz, E. Retinoids: Active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments. Postep. Dermatologii i Alergol. 36, 392–397 (2019).
Vollmer, D. L., West, V. A. & Lephart, E. D. Enhancing skin health: By oral administration of natural compounds and minerals with implications to the dermal microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 5–8 (2018).
Yoshikawa, C., Koike, K., Takano, F., Sugiur, K. & Suzuki, N. Efficacy of porcine placental extract on wrinkle widths below the eye in climacteric women. Climacteric 17, 370–376 (2014).
Nagae, M. et al. Effect of porcine placenta extract supplement on skin condition in healthy adult women: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nutrients 12, 1–12 (2020).
Tiwary, S. K. et al. Effect of placental-extract gel and cream on non-healing wounds. J. Wound Care 15, 325–328 (2006).
Wu, J. et al. Laennec protects murine from concanavalin A-induced liver injury through inhibition of inflammatory reactions and hepatocyte apoptosis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31, 2040–2044 (2008).
Kim, Y. S. et al. Preventive and therapeutic potential of placental extract in contact hypersensitivity. Int. Immunopharmacol. 10, 1177–1184 (2010).
Kong, M. & Park, S. B. Effect of human placental extract on health status in elderly koreans. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 1–5 (2012).
Choi, J. Y. et al. Efficacy and safety of human placental extract for alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: An open-label, randomized, comparative study. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 37, b13-00979 (2014).
Karasawa, Y. et al. Clinical treatment test of Melsmon on menopausal disorder. Medicat. Treat. 9, 1–10 (1981).
Kong, M. H. et al. Effect of human placental extract on menopausal symptoms, fatigue, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged Korean women. Menopause 15, 296–303 (2008).
Lee, Y.-K., Chung, H. H. & Kang, S.-B. Efficacy and safety of human placenta extract in alleviating climacteric symptoms: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 35, 1096–1101 (2009).
Yoshikawa, C. et al. Effect of porcine placental extract on collagen production in human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Gynecol. Obstet. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0932.1000186 (2013).
Imamura, Y., Honda, Y., Masuno, K., Nakamura, H. & Wang, P. L. Effects of placental extract on cell proliferation, type I collagen production, and ALP secretion in human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. J. Hard Tissue Biol. 26, 157–160 (2017).
Akagi, H. et al. Evaluation of collagen type-1 production and anti-inflammatory activities of human placental extracts in human gingival fibroblasts. J. Hard Tissue Biol. 25, 277–281 (2016).
Pfisterer, K., Shaw, L. E., Symmank, D. & Weninger, W. The extracellular matrix in skin inflammation and infection. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 1578 (2021).
Ricard-Blum, S. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 3, 1–19 (2011).
Midwood, K. S. & Schwarzbauer, J. E. Elastic fibers: Building bridges between cells and their matrix. Curr. Biol. 12, 279–281 (2002).
Katsuta, Y. et al. Fibulin-5 accelerates elastic fibre assembly in human skin fibroblasts. Exp. Dermatol. 17, 837–842 (2008).
Iozzo, R. V. Matrix proteoglycans: From molecular design to cellular function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 609–652 (1998).
Wight, T. N. Versican: A versatile extracellular matrix proteoglycan in cell biology. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14, 617–623 (2002).
Ricciardelli, C., Sakko, A. J., Ween, M. P., Russell, D. L. & Horsfall, D. J. The biological role and regulation of versican levels in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 28, 233–245 (2009).
Theocharis, A. D. Versican in health and disease. Connect. Tissue Res. 49, 230–234 (2008).
Gonzalez Rico, J. et al. The role of versican in the skin ECM and its interaction with hyaluronic acid. Biomecánica https://doi.org/10.5821/sibb.27.1.9279 (2019).
Juhl, P. et al. Dermal fibroblasts have different extracellular matrix profiles induced by TGF-β, PDGF and IL-6 in a model for skin fibrosis. Sci. Rep. 10, 17300 (2020).
Gurujeyalakshmi, G. & Giri, S. N. Molecular mechanisms of antifibrotic effect of interferon gamma in bleomycin-mouse model of lung fibrosis: Downregulation of TGF-β and procollagen I and III gene expression. Exp. Lung Res. 21, 791–808 (1995).
Hansen, N. U. B. et al. Tissue turnover of collagen type I, III and elastin is elevated in the PCLS model of IPF and can be restored back to vehicle levels using a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Respir. Res. 17, 76 (2016).
Park, S. Y., Phark, S., Lee, M., Lim, J. Y. & Sul, D. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of placental extracts in benzo[a]pyrene-exposed rats. Placenta 31, 873–879 (2010).
Ahsan, S. & Drăghici, S. Identifying Significantly Impacted Pathways and Putative Mechanisms with iPathwayGuide. Curr. Protoc. Bioinforma. 57, 7.15.1-7.15.30 (2017).